This research looks closely at an off-grid hybrid power setup, considering technological, environmental, and financial aspects to determine the best way to supply a hypothetical community with electricity. The best PV/BG/DG/BAT configuration has a COE of 0.051 $/kWh and an NPC of $653960. The optimal configuration is the least expensive system design. 200 Trojan 2.63 kWh lead acid batteries, 500 kW DG, a 100 kW converter, and 41.1 kW PV make up this system. The BG/DG system is the highest polluting configuration with the largest emissions of pollutants, while the hybrid optimum configuration is the most environmentally friendly configuration.

© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press.
2025
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